In his nearly 15 months in Moscow’s infamous Lefortovo prison, Evan Gershkovich has plowed through Russian literary classics like “War and Peace,” and played slow-moving chess by mail with his father in the United States. He tries to keep himself in shape during the hourlong exercise period he is permitted each day.
Friends who correspond with him describe Mr. Gershkovich, a Wall Street Journal reporter, as positive, strong and rarely discouraged, despite facing the official wrath of President Vladimir V. Putin’s Russia.
“He may have ups and downs like everyone else, but he remains confident in himself, in his rightness,” said Maria Borzunova, a Russian journalist and a friend of Mr. Gershkovich.
Mr. Gershkovich went on trial Wednesday, facing up to 20 years in prison on an espionage charge that he, his employer and the U.S. State Department vehemently deny.
He appeared in a court in the major industrial city of Yekaterinburg east of Moscow, where he was originally detained and where he was transferred recently after more than a year of imprisonment in Moscow.
Shortly before the proceedings started, journalists filmed Mr. Gershkovich, with his head recently shaved, standing in a glass cage in the courtroom. After several hours, the court scheduled the next session in the case for Aug. 13, according to the Russian state news agency Tass.
At the heart of Mr. Gershkovich’s ordeal is a void — the absence of any evidence made public by the Russian authorities to support their claim that he was a spy. Nor is any likely to emerge from his trial, which has been declared secret, with any observers barred from attending and his lawyers prohibited from publicly revealing anything they learn.
“We think that it is a sham trial based on fake charges, therefore the proceedings will be farcical,” Almar Latour, the publisher of The Wall Street Journal, said in an interview. It is impossible to predict how a trial will affect efforts to obtain Mr. Gershkovich’s release, he added.
In a statement on Wednesday, the U.S. Embassy in Moscow said officials were at the courthouse and given brief access before the proceedings began. “We have been clear from the start that Evan has done nothing wrong and never should have been arrested in the first place,” the statement said. It called for his immediate release.
In Russian trials, conviction is largely a foregone conclusion, especially when — as in this case — the Kremlin has weighed in. The judge hearing the case has boasted to a local news outlet that in a career spanning decades, he has acquitted just four defendants.
For more than five years, Mr. Gershkovich, a U.S. citizen who grew up in New Jersey, roamed Russia as a reporter, growing to love the country, friends say. The Foreign Ministry repeatedly reissued his reporting credentials.
Now he may be Kremlin fodder for a prisoner swap, as other imprisoned Americans have been recently. In hammering out such an exchange, Russia insists that first a trial must be completed, ostensibly putting both sides on equal legal footing.
“He’s a Kremlin chip, and they want to trade him,” said Pjotr Sauer, a reporter for The Guardian newspaper and a close friend of Mr. Gershkovich.
In April 2022, Russia traded Trevor Reed, an American convicted of assaulting Russian police officers, for a Russian pilot imprisoned on cocaine trafficking charges in the United States. In the highest-profile recent case, in December 2022, the United States traded a notorious arms dealer, Victor Bout, for Brittney Griner, an American basketball star imprisoned for cannabis possession.
Asked in a television interview in February about Mr. Gershkovich’s fate, Mr. Putin said negotiations were underway, but he mentioned seeking further concessions. He suggested that he might be willing to trade the reporter for Vadim Krasikov, a Russian sentenced to life in prison in Germany for the brazen 2019 murder of a Chechen former separatist fighter in a downtown Berlin park.
In Moscow, a senior Russian diplomat accused the United States of politicizing the trial. Speaking with reporters on Wednesday, Deputy Foreign Minister Sergei Ryabkov said that Moscow had sent “signals” to Washington about Mr. Gershkovich’s potential release and that they should be considered “seriously,” according to Interfax, a Russian news agency.
Mr. Gershkovich, 32, was detained in Yekaterinburg, just east of the Ural Mountains, in March 2023. Prosecutors, in their vague statements on the case, have said that “under instructions from the C.I.A.” and “using painstaking conspiratorial methods,” he “was collecting secret information” about a factory that produces tanks and other weapons.
Mr. Gershkovich had been part of a coterie of young Western and Russian journalists based in Moscow. They took their role of explaining Russia to outsiders seriously: constantly working to improve their command of the language, traveling extensively and sharing a traditional weekend cottage in Peredelkino, a hamlet on Moscow’s outskirts known as a retreat for writers.
Mr. Gershkovich, raised by Soviet émigré parents, adopted the name Vanya, and relished Russian rituals like saunas and mushroom hunting, along with sports including soccer and skiing, friends said. His family was not available to comment on the trial, said Ashley Huston, a Journal spokeswoman.
But the climate for journalists in Russia turned threatening with the country’s invasion of Ukraine in February 2022. The Kremlin passed draconian laws limiting how the war could be described, and shuttered numerous independent Russian outlets. Mr. Gershkovich was among the many journalists who left the country, but he returned periodically to gauge how the conflict was changing Russia.
Given that no Western correspondent had been charged with spying since the Soviet era, the prospect of imprisonment seemed troubling but remote. Mr. Gershkovich’s arrest crossed a line, Ms. Borzunova said, making it clear that all reporters, not just Russians, were at risk.
“We thought that official accreditation meant something,” she said, “but it doesn’t.”
During his imprisonment, Mr. Gershkovich has met with his lawyers, and the U.S. ambassador, Lynne Tracey, has been allowed occasional visits. The State Department has declared him “wrongfully detained.”
His friends swung into action with a letter-writing campaign to keep him connected to the outside world. They organized the herculean task of translating them into Russian, to smooth their approval by prison censors.
The effort has drawn more than 5,000 letters from around the world written by everyone from grandmothers to grade school pupils. Many people detailed difficult experiences they had endured, said Polina Ivanova, a reporter for The Financial Times.
Mr. Gershkovich’s friends have been inspired partly by his consistently high morale. In pretrial court hearings, standing in a holding cage for defendants, he usually greeted his fellow reporters with a grin and sometimes held his hands in the shape of a heart.
He has maintained a sense of humor, suggesting in letters to friends that prison gruel was no worse than some of his childhood meals. Mr. Gershkovich, who once worked in a clerical role in The New York Times’s newsroom, had been a cook briefly before entering journalism. His friends prepare weekly care packages to supplement the lack of fruit and vegetables in Russian prisons, adding candy for his birthday.
He has returned the favor, making sure to send them birthday or holiday greetings. He asks friends to update him about their lives, even encouraging them to send him separate letters describing the same social events. “Like a real journalist, he wants different sources,” said Mr. Sauer.
A voracious reader, Mr. Gershkovich scoured the prison library for some of the thick, foundational tomes of Russian literature, including Tolstoy’s “War and Peace” and Vasily Grossman’s “Life and Fate.” He also reads poetry and works about people behind bars.
Time in prison has polished his command of the language. “He had baby Russian when he arrived, there was no slang, now it is lyrical, beautiful,” said Mr. Sauer.
From the moment Mr. Gershkovich was arrested, his friends said they anticipated a long ordeal, given the experience of others.
Paul Whelan, an American charged with espionage, has been jailed since 2018. Marc Fogel, a U.S. citizen who taught at the Anglo-American School in Moscow, was convicted of drug smuggling and sentenced in 2022 to 14 years in a penal colony. Alsu Kurmasheva, an editor for Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty and a dual Russian American citizen, faces an extended sentence on various charges.
“We realized that this was going to be a marathon,” said Ms. Borzunova, “that this was not going to be resolved quickly, that we had to prepare to tell this story for a long time, that he was a hostage of the Russian regime, that he was detained for his work.”
